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C
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Constant
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C/O
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Change Over time. See Setup Time
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C/T
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See Cycle Time
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Capacity Constraint Resources
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Where a series of non-bottlenecks, based on the sequence in which they perform their jobs can act as a constraint.
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Cause and effect Diagram
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A problem-solving tool used to establish relationships between effects and multiple causes. The effect is identified with branches (fish bones) showing many causes for the effect.
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Cause and Effect Matrix
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A tool for analyzing a process whereby the cause and effect are ranked by severity to the customer, as well as the possible occurrence of the cause in the process. This is then multiplied and added by process step and ranked to help focus efforts to process improvements. This is a precursor to the FMEA in some cases.
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Cellular layout
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The layout of machines of different types, performing different operations in the sequence of processing to permit single-piece flow and flexible deployment of human effort to operate multiple machines. Contrast to functional layout.
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Central Limit Theorem
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Any given distribution (even non-normal data) approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases. The central limit theorem explains why many distributions tend to be close to the normal distribution.
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Champion
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Helps the organization apply concepts and overcome barriers.
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Changeover Time
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See Setup Time
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Common Cause Variation
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Causes of variation that are inherent in a process over time. Common cause variation is fluctuation caused by unknown factors (see 6M’s) resulting in a steady but random distribution of output around the average of the data. It is a measure of the process potential, or how well the process can perform when Special Cause Variation is removed. Also known as “Random Variation”.
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Confounded
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Two or more effects that cannot be separated. Usually a result of running less than a full factorial designed experiment.
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Constraint
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Anything that limits a system from achieving higher performance or throughput also known as a bottleneck.
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Continuous Flow Production
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Each process makes only the one piece that the next process needs. Requires effective Setup Time Reduction. Also called single piece flow, one piece flow and make one pass one.
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Continuous Improvement (CI)
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The never-ending process of eliminating waste and reducing variation.
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Control Chart
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A chart with upper and lower control limits on which values of some statistical measure for a time series of samples or subgroups is plotted. The chart frequently shows a central line to help detect a trend of the plotted values toward either control limit. Could be I-mR or Xbar-mR
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Control Element
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A specific process variable, which must be controlled. Measurements of a control element indicate whether or not a stable condition has been achieved
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COPQ
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Cost of Poor Quality; the cost of failing to produce & deliver 100% quality to our customers. Includes internal, external, inspection, prevention and missed opportunity.
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Counter measures
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Immediate actions taken to bring performance that is tracking below expectations back into the proper trend. Requires Root Cause Analysis
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Counterclockwise flow
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A basic principle of Lean manufacturing cell layout is that the flow of material and the motion of people should be from right to left, or counterclockwise. The origin of this idea came from the design of lathes and machine tools with the chucks on the left side, making it easier for right-handed people to load from right to left.
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COV
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Components Of Variation – an analysis of nested factors using a control chart methodology to determine the greatest source of variation.
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Covariance
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The impact of one variable upon others in the same group
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Cp
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Process Capability target centered in specification range, compares the amount of common cause variation that exists in the process to that allowed by the specification, expressed as: 
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Cpk
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Process Capability, target not centered on range but on specification target, or one side only expressed as: minimum of 
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Criteria Selection Matrix
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A tool utilized to prioritize and select from a large collection of possible choices.
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Critical Input
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In Process Mapping – Input variables that have been statistically shown to have a major impact on the variability of the process output variable(s).
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Crossed Factors
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These are factors that are independent from each other, that is they may be adjusted and run in an experiment in any order necessary.
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CRR
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Completely randomized replicate – A replicate that has all runs randomized across the experiment in a DOE
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CSI
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Customer Satisfaction Index – A measure of customer’s delight with your product or service.
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Current State Map
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Current state value stream maps show “as is” flow of information and flow of product/service. It identifies opportunities for improvement.
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Cycle Time
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The time it takes to do one repetition of any particular task at an individual process step. Cycle time can be categorized into 1) manual cycle time, 2) machine cycle time, and 3) auto cycle time. Also referred to as touch time or process time.
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